Question

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The most industrial products and semi-manufactured goods belong to general cargoes.
General cargoes are the most valuable ones.
They require the expenditure of much labour while loading and unloading.
Storage and transportation of a lot of tare are very expensive too.
General cargoes comprise goods of the following types: bagged, baled, barreled, boxed, metals and machinery, heavyweights, goods in packages, containers and timber cargoes.
General cargoes are usually transported differently packed.
Units of especially heavy cargo are frequently carried on deck.
Locomotives, lorries, crates of heavy machinery such as transformers and extremely large length of heavy timber (logs) and small consignments of general cargoes, which may damage other cargo are also given deck stowage.
Cargo carried on deck is shipped at “shipper’s risk”, unless contracted otherwise, but nevertheless responsibility falls upon the ship to counteract to any possibility of loss of damage.
Proper means of fastening the cargo must be provided by lashings.
Protection from the sun and weather can be obtained by the use of tarpaulins.
Let’s consider some types of general cargoes, which are carried by dry-cargo ships.
Cotton cargo.
It is shipped in tightly pressed bales but it is accompanied by fire risk.
The preparation of a hold or compartment for this cargo is primarily directed towards lessening the risk of fire.
Cotton is liable to produce heat and is also subject to spontaneous combustion.
Any space in which cotton is to be stowed should be perfectly dry, well aired and absolutely free from any oil stains.
If cotton cargo follows a clean general cargo efficient sweeping and airing will be sufficient, but if cotton follows a coal or the like cargo, it is necessary to wash the space of holds, due attention being given to drying.
Rice cargo calls for a very elaborate and efficient system of ventilation for two reasons.
Firstly, rice evolves a certain amount of carbonic acid gas, and secondly its moisture content leads to the cargo from certain points of iron work, unless necessary precautions are taken.
The rice cargo is liable to heat fairly quickly, and this fact associated with loss of moisture, explains the loss of weight in transit varying from one to three per cent.
The floor of the hold should be covered with thick battens laid athwartships, and boards laid fore and aft.
Sugar cargo.
Apart from the general preparations of cleaning and drying the hold sugar is a cargo, which demands absolute freedom from dampness and avoidance of any contact with iron or steel.
Sugar is carried mainly in bags.
It may be either “dry” or “green”.
Dry sugar is more highly refined than green sugar, the former being almost free from syrupy content while the latter is a wet nature.
Dampness will result in considerable drainage in the form of syrup, which will damage the remainder of the cargo, but it causes the bags to stick together in the form of solid blocks.
So “green” sugar and “dry” sugar should not to be stowed together.
The bulkheads and sides of the hold space should be covered with separation cloths.
Bare ironwork should be avoided.

Answer 1

Большинство промышленных изделий и полуфабрикатов принадлежат генеральных грузов. Генеральных грузов являются наиболее ценные из них. Они требуют расходов много труда во время погрузки и разгрузки. Хранение и транспортировка много тары являются очень дорогими.

Генеральные грузы составляют товары следующих типов: мешки, брикетах, стволом, в штучной упаковке, металлов и техника, тяжеловесы, грузы в пакетах, контейнерах и лесные грузы.

Обычно общие грузы перевозятся по-разному.

Часто единиц особенно тяжеловесных грузов перевозится на палубе. Локомотивы, грузовых автомобилей, ящики тяжелого машиностроения, такие как трансформаторы и чрезвычайно большой длины тяжелой древесины и небольших партий грузов, генеральных грузов, которые могут повредить другие грузы, также данного палубе укладки.

Груза на палубе поставляется риску «грузоотправителя», если в противном случае контракт, но тем не менее ответственность ложится на корабль, чтобы противодействовать любой возможности утраты или повреждения.

Надлежащие средства крепления груза должны быть предоставлены . Защита от солнца и Погоды можно получить с помощью изоленты.

Рассмотрим некоторые виды генеральных грузов, которые перевозятся сухогрузных судов.