Question

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1. What kind of reform did Mikhail Gorbachev begin in the 1980s and why?
2. What positive and negative effects did the reform have?
3. What's the connection between Gorbachev's reform and the peaceful pro- cess in the world? 4. What do you know about the cold war?
5. How did Gorbachev's reform influence the political changes in Europe?
6. What do you know about two Germanies and their reunion?
7. How do you see the future of Europe? Are all European countries like- ly to unite? What are the pros and cons of such uniting?
8. What do you know about the European Union? Why was it formed? Which European countries have joined it and which haven't? Would you like Russia to join? Why? ​

Answer 1

Ответ:

1. In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev began a reform program in the Soviet Union known as perestroika. It aimed to restructure the economy and political system of the country and bring more openness and transparency to society. The reform was necessary because the Soviet economy was stagnating, there was widespread corruption, and the political system was becoming more and more rigid and out of touch with the needs of the people.

2. The positive effects of Gorbachev's reform included greater political freedom, more openness and transparency, and greater rights for minorities. The people felt more empowered and were able to express themselves more freely. However, the reform also had negative effects such as increased unemployment, inflation, and economic instability.

3. Gorbachev's reform had a significant impact on the peaceful process in the world. It led to the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which in turn contributed to the democratization of Eastern Europe and the eventual peaceful reunification of Germany. Gorbachev's efforts towards disarmament and improved relations with the West were also instrumental in reducing the risk of nuclear war.

4. The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, characterized by military build-up, espionage, and a strong propaganda campaign. It lasted from the end of World War II in 1945 until the late 1980s when the Soviet Union collapsed, and the two superpowers began to engage in more cooperative relations.

5. Gorbachev's reform had a significant influence on political changes in Europe, particularly in Eastern Europe. The reform and the resulting changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe paved the way for the democratization of this region and the end of communist rule.

6. After the end of World War II, Germany was divided into two separate states - the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). In 1989, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the two countries began the process of reunification, which was completed on October 3, 1990.

7. The future of Europe is uncertain, but it seems unlikely that all European countries will unite. The European Union has brought many benefits, including economic cooperation, increased mobility, and greater peace and stability. However, some countries are facing economic difficulties or have concerns about losing their sovereignty. The pros of European unity include greater economic and political strength, while the cons include the loss of national identity and sovereignty.

8. The European Union was formed in 1993 as a result of the Maastricht Treaty. Its main goal was to promote economic and political integration among European countries. Currently, 27 countries are members of the EU, including most of Western Europe. Russia has not joined the EU, and it is unlikely to do so in the near future due to political and economic differences.