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Poverty
There is no objective and unique definition of poverty, which is capable to
describe exactly when somebody is poor. There has been an evolution in the
description of poverty. In these definitions, it is shown that poverty is not only lack of
money to buy food, but is also related to living conditions, well-being, health, and
possibilities to change the personal situation. Poverty can be defined in different
ways. Every definition leads to different outcomes, to a different group of people,
which can be considered as poor and, in relation to this, to different policy measures
and a different amount of costs needed to solve the problem of poverty.
Poverty exists for many centuries, but the content of the notion differs from
country to country and from time to time. There is a difference in poverty in Western
Europe and Eastern Europe. There is also a difference in the meaning of poverty in
Western Europe in the last century and today. Last century poverty mostly meant that
a part of the population had to struggle for life and did not have enough money to buy
food: poverty was an absolute notion. Nowadays most of the Western European
countries have comprehensive social security schemes, which cover the whole
population. Almost everybody has a basic income and in some countries this income
is rather high. In those countries therefore poverty cannot longer be seen as a threat of
daily life. There, poverty means that a part of population has arrears in relation to the
average population: poverty is a relative notion.
Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and relative
or secondary poverty. “Absolute poverty” refers to a lack of the basic requirements to
sustain physical life. “Relative poverty” is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of
definitions of absolute or primary poverty by referring to the cultural needs of
individuals and families within the context of the rest of society. An absolute poverty
line is a kind of fixed amount. An absolute poverty line is not meant to change with
the standard of living in society. People are defined as “poor” if their income is below
the line and when some absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied.
1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты к следующим терминам
1.приводить к разным результатам;
2. политические меры;
3. содержание понятия;
4. угроза повседневной жизни;
5. основные потребности;
6. поддерживать физическую жизнь.
2. Найдите в тексте и новой лексике синонимы к следующим терминам:
pauper; absolute poverty; relative poverty; hot line.
3. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения
poverty; relative poverty an absolute poverty line; primary poverty; poor.
1. … does not change with the standard of living in society.
2. People are … if some of their absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied.
3. … demonstrates the cultural needs of individuals and families within the
context of the rest of society.
4. … exists for many centuries and can be defined in different ways.
5. … refers to a lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life.
4. Выберите те предложения, с утверждениями которых вы согласны и
переведите их на русский язык
1. There is no objective and unique definition of poverty, which demonstrates
exactly when somebody is poor.
2. An absolute poverty line means a kind of fixed amount.
3. People are defined as “poor” when they can not sufficiently satisfy some of
their absolute needs.
4. Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and
relative or secondary poverty.
5. “Secondary poverty” is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of definitions of
absolute or primary poverty.
5. Соотнесите термины из текста с соответствующими дефинициями
1. Absolute
poverty
2. Relative
poverty
3. hot line
4. poverty
line
5. bread line
a)… shows the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary
poverty by referring to the cultural needs of individuals and families
within the context of the rest of society.
b)… is a communication system that provides for immediate and
direct telephone contact for people having different problems.
c)… is a procedure for distributing to needy people some products
that cannot be sold on the open market as they do not meet the
optimal quality standards.
d)… is lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life.
e)… is a measure of the amount of money a government or a society
believes is necessary for a person to live at a minimum level of
subsistence.
6. Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is poverty? Is there objective and unique definition of poverty?
2. Does the content of the notion “poverty” differ from country to country and from time to time?
3. What did the poverty mean last century?
4. What kinds of poverty do most discussions distinguish between?
Ответы
Эквиваленты:
приводить к разным результатам - lead to different outcomes
политические меры - policy measures
содержание понятия - content of the notion
угроза повседневной жизни - threat of daily life
основные потребности - basic requirements
поддерживать физическую жизнь - sustain physical life
Синонимы:
pauper: poor
absolute poverty: primary poverty
relative poverty: secondary poverty
hot line: communication system
Завершение предложений:
An absolute poverty line does not change with the standard of living in society.
People are considered poor if some of their absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied.
Relative poverty demonstrates the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society.
Poverty exists for many centuries and can be defined in different ways.
Absolute poverty refers to a lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life.
Утверждения:
There is no objective and universal definition of poverty that would precisely indicate when someone is poor.
The absolute poverty line is a kind of fixed amount.
People are defined as "poor" when they cannot sufficiently satisfy some of their absolute needs.
Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and relative or secondary poverty.
"Secondary poverty" is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary poverty.
Matching terms with definitions:
Absolute poverty - d) is a measure of the amount of money a government or a society believes is necessary for a person to live at a minimum level of subsistence.
Relative poverty - a) shows the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary poverty by referring to the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society.
Hot line - b) is a communication system that provides for immediate and direct telephone contact for people having different problems.
Poverty line - e) is a measure of the amount of money a government or a society believes is necessary for a person to live at a minimum level of subsistence.
Bread line - c) is a procedure for distributing to needy people some products that cannot be sold on the open market as they do not meet the optimal quality standards.
Absolute poverty - d) is a measure of the amount of money a government or a society believes is necessary for a person to live at a minimum level of subsistence.
Relative poverty - a) shows the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary poverty by referring to the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society.
Hot line - b) is a communication system that provides for immediate and direct telephone contact for people having different problems.
Poverty line - e) is a measure of the amount of money a government or a society believes is necessary for a person to live at a minimum level of subsistence.
Bread line - c) is a procedure for distributing to needy people some products that cannot be sold on the open market as they do not meet the optimal quality standards.
Ответы на вопросы:
What is poverty? Is there an objective and unique definition of poverty?
Poverty is a complex concept with no objective and unique definition. It has evolved over time and is not solely about the lack of money but also includes living conditions, well-being, health, and the ability to change personal situations.
Does the content of the notion “poverty” differ from country to country and from time to time?
Yes, the content of the notion "poverty" differs from country to country and evolves over time. Different regions and historical periods have different perspectives on what constitutes poverty.
What did poverty mean last century?
Last century, poverty mostly meant that a part of the population had to struggle for life and did not have enough money to buy food. It was considered an absolute notion.
What kinds of poverty do most discussions distinguish between?
Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty, which refers to a lack of basic requirements to sustain physical life, and relative or secondary poverty, which demonstrates the inadequacy of definitions of absolute poverty by referring to the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society.